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Species of marine reptile distributed throughout the globe

Loggerhead ocean turtle Temporal range: forty–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Eocene - Recent ^[ane]

Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)^[2]
CITES Appendix I (CITES)^[iii]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Gild:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Chelonioidea
Family:	Cheloniidae
Subfamily:	Carettinae
Genus:	Caretta Rafinesque, 1814
Species:	C. caretta
Binomial name
*Caretta caretta* (Linnaeus, 1758)

Loggerhead sea turtle range Species synonymy Testudo caretta Linnaeus, 1758 Testudo cephalo Schneider, 1783 Testudo nasicornis Lacépède, 1788 Testudo caouana Lacépède, 1788 Chelone caretta — Brongniart, 1805 Chelonia caouanna Schweigger, 1812 Caretta nasuta Rafinesque, 1814 Chelonia cavanna Oken, 1816 Caretta atra Merrem, 1820 Caretta cephalo — Merrem, 1820 Caretta nasicornis — Merrem, 1820 Chelonia caretta — Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828 Testudo corianna Grey, 1831 Chelonia pelasgorum Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1833 Chelonia cephalo — Grey, 1829 Chelonia (Caretta) cephalo — Lesson in Bélanger, 1834 Chelonia caouanna — A.Yard.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1835 Chelonia (Thalassochelys) caouana — Fitzinger, 1836 Chelonia (Thalassochelys) atra — Fitzinger, 1836 Thalassochelys caretta — Bonaparte, 1838 Chelonia (Caouanna) cephalo — Cocteau in Cocteau & Bibron in de la Sagra, 1838 Halichelys atra — Fitzinger, 1843 Caounana caretta — Gray, 1844 Caouana elongata Gray, 1844 Thalassochelys caouana — Agassiz, 1857 Thalassochelys corticata Girard, 1858 Chelonia corticata — Strauch, 1862 Thalassochelys elongata Strauch, 1862 Thalassochelys caouana Nardo, 1864 Eremonia elongata — Gray, 1873 Caretta caretta — Stejneger, 1873 Thalassochelys cephalo — Barbour & Cole, 1906 Caretta caretta caretta — Mertens & L. Müller, 1928 Caretta gigas Deraniyagala, 1933 Caretta caretta gigas — Deraniyagala, 1939 Caretta caretta tarapacana Caldwell, 1962 Chelonia cahuano — Tamayo, 1962 Caretta careta [sic] Tamayo, 1962 (ex errore)^[4] Genus synonymy Caretta Rafinesque, 1814 Caretta (Thalassochelys) Fitzinger, 1835 Thalassochelys Bonaparte, 1838 Caouana Cocteau in de la Sagra, 1838 Halichelys Fitzinger, 1843 Eremonia Grey, 1873 ?Pliochelys Portis, 1890 ?Proganosaurus Portis, 1890 ^[5]

The loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta), is a species of oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around ninety cm (35 in) in carapace length when fully grown. The adult loggerhead ocean turtle weighs approximately 135 kg (298 lb), with the largest specimens weighing in at more 450 kg (1,000 lb). The skin ranges from yellow to brown in color, and the shell is typically scarlet brownish. No external differences in sex are seen until the turtle becomes an adult, the most obvious divergence existence the adult males take thicker tails and shorter plastrons (lower shells) than the females.

The loggerhead bounding main turtle is found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, every bit well as the Mediterranean Sea. It spends most of its life in saltwater and estuarine habitats, with females briefly coming ashore to lay eggs. The loggerhead sea turtle has a depression reproductive rate; females lay an average of iv egg clutches and then become quiescent, producing no eggs for ii to three years. The loggerhead reaches sexual maturity within 17–33 years and has a lifespan of 47–67 years.

The loggerhead sea turtle is omnivorous, feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling invertebrates. Its big and powerful jaws serve as an effective tool for dismantling its prey. Young loggerheads are exploited by numerous predators; the eggs are peculiarly vulnerable to terrestrial organisms. Once the turtles reach adulthood, their formidable size limits predation to large marine animals, such as sharks.

The loggerhead sea turtle is considered a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. In total, 9 distinct population segments are under the protection of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, with 4 population segments classified as "threatened" and 5 classified equally "endangered"^[half-dozen] Commercial international trade of loggerheads or derived products is prohibited past CITES Appendix I. Untended line-fishing gear is responsible for many loggerhead deaths. The greatest threat is loss of nesting habitat due to coastal development, predation of nests, and human disturbances (such as littoral lighting and housing developments) that crusade disorientations during the emergence of hatchlings.^[7] Turtles may as well suffocate if they are trapped in fishing trawls. Turtle excluder devices take been implemented in efforts to reduce mortality past providing an escape route for the turtles. Loss of suitable nesting beaches and the introduction of exotic predators have too taken a toll on loggerhead populations. Efforts to restore their numbers will require international cooperation, since the turtles roam vast areas of ocean and critical nesting beaches are scattered across several countries.

Description [edit]

The carapace of this loggerhead is carmine brown; v vertebral scutes run down the turtle'south midline bordered past five pairs of costal scutes.

The loggerhead sea turtle is the world's largest hard-shelled turtle, slightly larger at boilerplate and maximum mature weights than the light-green sea turtle and the Galapagos tortoise. It is likewise the globe'south 2nd largest extant turtle after the leatherback body of water turtle.^[8] ^[ix] ^[10] Adults have an approximate weight range of fourscore to 200 kg (180 to 440 lb), averaging around 135 kg (298 lb), and a straight-line carapace length range of 70 to 95 cm (28 to 37 in).^[8] The maximum reported weight is 545 kg (1,202 lb) and the maximum (presumed full) length is 213 cm (84 in).^[eight] The head and carapace (upper shell) range from a yellowish-orange to a reddish brown, while the plastron (underside) is typically stake xanthous.^[11] The turtle'south neck and sides are brown on the tops and yellow on the sides and bottom.^[12]

The turtle's shell is divided into two sections: carapace and plastron. The carapace is further divided into large plates, or scutes.^[eleven] Typically, 11 or 12 pairs of marginal scutes rim the carapace.^[xiii] Five vertebral scutes run downwardly the carapace'southward midline, while five pairs of costal scutes border them.^[14] The nuchal scute is located at the base of operations of the head.^[14] The carapace connects to the plastron by 3 pairs of inframarginal scutes forming the bridge of the shell.^[xiv] The plastron features paired gular, humeral, pectoral, intestinal, femoral, and anal scutes.^[13] The shell serves as external armor, although loggerhead sea turtles cannot retract their heads or flippers into their shells.^[15]

Sexual dimorphism of the loggerhead sea turtle is only credible in adults. Adult males take longer tails and claws than females. The males' plastrons are shorter than the females', presumably to accommodate the males' larger tails. The carapaces of males are wider and less domed than the females', and males typically have wider heads than females.^[16] The sex of juveniles and subadults cannot be determined through external beefcake, but can exist observed through dissection, laparoscopy (an functioning performed on the abdomen), histological exam (jail cell anatomy), and radioimmunological assays (immune study dealing with radiolabeling).^[xvi]

Lachrymal glands located behind each eye allow the loggerhead to maintain osmotic balance by eliminating the excess salt obtained from ingesting sea water. On land, the excretion of excess salt gives the simulated impression that the turtle is crying.^[17] The urea content is high in Caretta caretta tears.^[18]

The skull is near easily distinguished from other sea turtles by having maxillae that meet in the mid-line of the palate.^[19] ^[twenty] The portion of skull behind the optics is also relatively large and bulbous due to the extensive jaw muscles.^[20]

Distribution [edit]

Range of the loggerhead sea turtle

The loggerhead sea turtle has a cosmopolitan distribution, nesting over the broadest geographical range of whatever ocean turtle. It inhabits the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea.^[21]

In the Atlantic Ocean, the greatest concentration of loggerheads is along the southeastern coast of Northward America and in the Gulf of Mexico. Very few loggerheads are found along the European and African coastlines.^[22] Florida is the most popular nesting site, with more than 67,000 nests built per year. Nesting extends as far north as Virginia, as far south as Brazil, and as far eastward as the Greatcoat Verde Islands. The Cape verde Islands are the just meaning nesting site on the eastern side of the Atlantic. Loggerheads found in the Atlantic Ocean feed from Canada to Brazil.^[21]

In the Indian Body of water, loggerheads feed along the coastlines of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and in the Arabian Sea.^[23] Along the African coastline, loggerheads nest from Mozambique's Bazaruto Archipelago to Due south Africa'southward St Lucia estuary.^[24] The largest Indian Ocean nesting site is Oman, on the Arabian Peninsula, which hosts effectually 15,000 nests, giving it the second largest nesting population of loggerheads in the world. Western Australia is some other notable nesting area, with i,000–two,000 nests per year.^[23]

Pacific loggerheads live in temperate to tropical regions.^[24] They fodder in the Eastward People's republic of china Sea, the southwestern Pacific, and along the Baja California Peninsula. Eastern Australia and Nihon are the major nesting areas, with the Great Barrier Reef accounted an important nesting area.^[25] Pacific loggerheads occasionally nest in Vanuatu and Tokelau. Yakushima Island is the most of import site, with iii nesting grounds visited by 40% of all nearby loggerheads.^[23] Later on nesting, females ofttimes observe homes in the E China Bounding main, while the Kuroshio Electric current Extension'due south Bifurcation region provides important juvenile foraging areas.^[24] Eastern Pacific populations are concentrated off the coast of Baja California, where upwelling provides rich feeding grounds for juvenile turtles and subadults. Nesting sites along the eastern Pacific Basin are rare. mtDNA sequence polymorphism analysis and tracking studies suggest 95% of the population forth the coast of the Americas hatch on the Japanese Islands in the western Pacific.^[26] The turtles are transported by the prevailing currents across the full length of the northern Pacific, one of the longest migration routes of whatever marine animal.^[26] The return journey to the natal beaches in Japan has been long suspected, although the trip would cross unproductive articulate water with few feeding opportunities.^[27] Testify of a return journey came from an adult female loggerhead named Adelita, which in 1996, equipped with a satellite tracking device, made the xiv,500 km (9,000 mi) trip from Mexico across the Pacific. Adelita was the showtime animal of whatever kind ever tracked across an sea basin.^[28]

The Mediterranean Sea is a plant nursery for juveniles, equally well equally a mutual identify for adults in the jump and summer months.^[22] ^[29] Virtually 45% of the Mediterranean juvenile population has migrated from the Atlantic.^[22] Loggerheads feed in the Alboran Sea and the Adriatic Sea,^[22] with tens of thousands of specimens (mainly sub-adult) seasonally nowadays in the North-Eastern portion of the latter, to a higher place all in the area of the Po Delta.^[30] Greece is the near popular nesting site along the Mediterranean, with more iii,000 nests per year.^[23] Zakynthos hosts the largest Mediterranean nesting with the 2d ane being in Kyparissia Bay.^[31] Considering of this, Greek authorities do not allow planes to take off or land at night in Zakynthos due to the nesting turtles.^[32] In addition to the Greek coast, the coastlines of Cyprus and Turkey are also common nesting sites.^[23]

One record of this turtle was made in Ireland when a specimen washed aground on Ballyhealy Embankment in County Wexford.^[33] Another records one specimen existence washed up on a embankment in County Donegal, Ireland.^[34]

Habitat [edit]

Loggerhead sea turtles spend well-nigh of their lives in the open ocean and in shallow coastal waters. They rarely come ashore likewise the females' cursory visits to construct nests and eolith eggs. Hatchling loggerhead turtles alive in floating mats of Sargassum algae.^[35] Adults and juveniles live along the continental shelf as well equally in shallow coastal estuaries.^[36] In the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, age plays a factor in habitat preference. Juveniles are more oftentimes plant in shallow estuarine habitats with limited sea admission compared to non-nesting adults.^[37] Loggerheads occupy waters with surface temperatures ranging from 13.3–28 °C (56–82 °F) during non-nesting flavour. Temperatures from 27–28 °C (81–82 °F) are most suitable for nesting females.^[38]

Juvenile loggerheads share the Sargassum habitat with a variety of other organisms. The mats of Sargassum contain every bit many as 100 different species of animals on which the juveniles feed. Prey institute in Sargassum mats may include barnacles, crab larvae, fish eggs, and hydrozoan colonies. Some prey, such as ants, flies, aphids, leafhoppers, and beetles, are carried by the wind to the mats.^[35] Marine mammals and commercial fishes, including tuna and mahi-mahi, also inhabit the Sargassum mats.^[39]

Ecology and behavior [edit]

A resting loggerhead sea turtle

Loggerhead bounding main turtles observed in captivity and in the wild are near active during the twenty-four hours. In captivity, the loggerheads' daily activities are divided between swimming and resting on the bottom. While resting, they spread their forelimbs to about midstroke swimming position. They remain motionless with eyes open or half-shut and are easily alerted during this country. At night, captives sleep in the same position with their optics tightly shut, and are dull to react.^[38] Loggerheads spend up to 85% of their day submerged, with males existence the more active divers than females. The average duration of dives is xv–xxx min, just they can stay submerged for upwards to iv hours.^[twoscore] Juvenile loggerheads and adults differ in their swimming methods. A juvenile keeps its forelimbs pressed to the side of its carapace, and propels itself by kicking with its hind limbs. Equally the juvenile matures, its swimming method is progressively replaced with the adult's alternating-limb method. They depend entirely on this method of swimming by i year old.^[41]

Water temperature affects the body of water turtle's metabolic charge per unit.^[38] Sluggishness is induced at temperatures betwixt xiii and 15 °C (55 and 59 °F). The loggerhead takes on a floating, cold-stunned posture when temperatures drop to around 10 °C (50 °F).^[38] However, younger loggerheads are more resistant to cold and do not become stunned until temperatures drib below 9 °C (48 °F). The loggerheads' migration helps to prevent instances of cold-stunning.^[42] Higher water temperatures cause an increment in metabolism and heart charge per unit. A loggerhead's trunk temperature increases in warmer waters more chop-chop than it decreases in colder water; their critical thermal maximum is currently unknown.^[42] In February 2015, a alive loggerhead turtle was found floating in British Columbian waters of 10.v °C (fifty.nine °F) with extensive algal growth on its carapace.^[43]

Female person-female aggression, which is fairly rare in other marine vertebrates, is mutual among loggerheads. Ritualized aggression escalates from passive threat displays to combat. This conflict primarily occurs over access to feeding grounds. Escalation typically follows four steps.^[44] Beginning, initial contact is stimulated by visual or tactile cues. Second, confrontation occurs, beginning with passive confrontations characterized by broad caput-tail circumvoluted. They begin aggressive confrontation when one turtle ceases to circle and directly faces the other. Third, sparring occurs with turtles snapping at each other'south jaws. The terminal phase, separation, is either mutual, with both turtles pond away in reverse directions, or involves chasing one out of the firsthand vicinity.^[44] Escalation is determined past several factors, including hormone levels, energy expenditure, expected upshot, and importance of location. At all stages, an upright tail shows willingness to escalate, while a curled tail shows willingness to submit. Considering college aggression is metabolically costly and potentially debilitating, contact is much more likely to escalate when the conflict is over access to good foraging grounds.^[44] Further aggression has also been reported in captive loggerheads. The turtles are seemingly territorial, and will fight with other loggerheads and sea turtles of different species.^[40]

Feeding [edit]

An adult Aurelia jellyfish which loggerheads eat during migration through the open sea

The loggerhead bounding main turtle is omnivorous, feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling invertebrates, such as gastropods, bivalves, and decapods. It has a greater listing of known prey than whatever other sea turtle. Other food items include sponges, corals, sea pens, polychaete worms, bounding main anemones, cephalopods, barnacles, brachiopods, isopods, Portuguese men o' war, insects, bryozoans, sea urchins, sand dollars, bounding main cucumbers, starfish, fish (eggs, juveniles, and adults), hatchling turtles (including members of its own species), algae, and vascular plants.^[45] During migration through the open body of water, loggerheads eat jellyfish, floating molluscs, floating egg clusters, squid, and flying fish.^[12]

Loggerheads crush prey with their large and powerful jaws.^[12] ^[46] Projecting scale points on the anterior margin of the forelimbs let manipulation of the food. These points tin be used as "pseudo-claws" to tear large pieces of food in the loggerhead's oral fissure. The loggerhead will plough its neck sideways to eat the torn food on the scale points.^[46] Inward-pointing, mucus-covered papillae found in the fore region of the loggerhead's esophagus filter out strange bodies, such as fish hooks. The next region of the esophagus is not papillated, with numerous mucosal folds. The digestion rate in loggerheads is temperature-dependent; information technology increases equally temperature increases.^[46]

Predators [edit]

The cherry fox is a predator of loggerhead nests in Australia.

Loggerheads have numerous predators, specially early in their lives. Egg and nestling predators include ghost crabs, oligochaete worms, beetles, fly larvae, ants, mankind flies, snakes, gulls, corvids, opossums, bears, rats, armadillos, mustelids, skunks, canids, procyonids, cats, pigs, and humans. During their migration from their nests to the ocean, hatchlings are preyed on by dipteran larvae, crabs, toads, lizards, snakes, seabirds such as frigatebirds, and other assorted birds and mammals. In the bounding main, predators of the loggerhead juveniles include portunid venereal and various fishes, such as parrotfishes and moray eels. Adults are more rarely attacked due to their big size, only may exist preyed on by large sharks, seals, and killer whales. Nesting females are attacked by mankind flies, feral dogs, and humans. Common salt marsh mosquitos can also pester nesting females.^[46] ^[50]

In Australia, the introduction of the reddish pull a fast one on (Vulpes vulpes) by British settlers in the 19th century led to significant reductions in loggerhead sea turtle populations. In 1 coastal section in eastern Australia during the 1970s, predation of turtle eggs destroyed upwards to 95% of all clutches laid.^[51] Ambitious efforts to destroy foxes in the 1980s and 1990s has reduced this bear on; however, it is estimated that it will be the year 2020 before populations volition feel complete recovery from such dramatic losses.^[52]

Along the southeastern declension of the United States, the raccoon (Procyon lotor) is the near destructive predator of nesting sites. Bloodshed rates of most 100% of all clutches laid in a season have been recorded on some Florida beaches.^[51] This is attributed to an increase in raccoon populations, which accept flourished in urban environments. Aggressive efforts to protect nesting sites by covering them with wire mesh has significantly reduced the impact of raccoon predation on loggerhead sea turtle eggs.^[52] On Bald Caput Island in North Carolina, wire mesh screens are used on every confirmed nest to prevent excavation past resident red foxes. A new business organisation with the steel muzzle technique is interference with the normal development of the nestlings' magnetic sense due to the use of ferrous wire, which may disrupt the turtles' ability to navigate properly. Efforts are underway to find a nonmagnetic material that will prevent predators gnawing through the barrier.

Up to 40% of nesting females around the world take wounds believed to come up from shark attacks.^[fifty]

Affliction and parasites [edit]

Infectious bacteria such equally Pseudomonas and Salmonella attack loggerhead hatchlings and eggs. Fungi such as Penicillium infect loggerhead sea turtle nests and cloacae.^[fifty]

Fibropapillomatosis illness acquired by a form of the canker-type virus threatens loggerheads with internal and external tumors. These tumors disrupt essential behaviors and, if on the eyes, crusade permanent blindness.^[53] Trematodes of the family unit Spirorchiidae inhabit tissues throughout the body of the loggerhead, including vital organs, such every bit the eye and the brain.^[54] Trematode infection can exist highly debilitating. For example, inflammatory trematode lesions can crusade endocarditis and neurological disease.^[54] A nematode, Angiostoma carettae, also infects loggerheads,^[55] causing histologic lesions in the respiratory tract.^[55]

More than than 100 species of animals from 13 phyla, as well as 37 kinds of algae, live on loggerheads' backs.^[56] These parasitic organisms, which increment drag, offer no known benefit to the turtle, although the dulling effect of organisms on shell color may improve camouflage.^[56]

In 2018, researchers from Florida State University examined 24 individual turtle carapaces and found an average of 33,000 meiofauna with one turtle having 150,000 organisms living on the shell. A collection of 7,000 nematodes from 111 genera were institute on the turtles studied.^[57]

Life history [edit]

Early life [edit]

A pair of hatchlings to scale with a human hand

Hatchlings range in colour from light dark-brown to almost black, lacking the adult's distinct yellows and reds.^[11] Upon hatching, they measure almost 4.half dozen cm (1.viii in) and weigh nigh 20 k (0.7 oz).^[12] The eggs are typically laid on the beach in an area above the loftier-tide line. The eggs are laid near the water so the hatchlings can render to the sea.^[58] The loggerhead'due south sexual practice is dictated by the temperature of the surreptitious nest. Incubation temperatures generally range from 26–32 °C (79–90 °F). Body of water turtle eggs kept at a constant incubating temperature of 32 °C become females. Eggs incubating at 28 °C go males. An incubation temperature of 30 °C results in an equal ratio of male to female person hatchlings.^[59] Hatchlings from eggs in the middle of the clutch tend to exist the largest, grow the fastest, and be the most active during the first few days of bounding main life.^[51]

Later incubating for effectually 80 days, hatchlings dig through the sand to the surface, commonly at night, when darkness increases the chance of escaping predation and impairment from farthermost sand surface temperatures is reduced.^[58] Hatchlings enter the ocean past navigating toward the brighter horizon created by the reflection of the moon and starlight off the h2o's surface.^[sixty]

Hatchlings can lose up to 20% of their trunk mass due to evaporation of water every bit they journey from nest to sea.^[61] They initially use the undertow to push them v to ten m abroad from the shore.^[61] Once in the ocean, they swim for virtually 20 hours, taking them far offshore.^[xi] An iron compound, magnetite, in their brains allows the turtles to perceive the Earth's magnetic field,^[62] for navigation. Many hatchlings use Sargassum in the open ocean as protection until they reach 45 cm (18 in).^[11] Hatchling loggerheads alive in this pelagic environment until they achieve juvenile age, and and then they migrate to nearshore waters.^[eleven]

Maturation [edit]

A mature loggerhead sea turtle

When ocean waters cool, loggerheads must migrate to warmer areas or hide to some degree. In the coldest months, they submerge for up to seven hours at a time, emerging for only seven minutes to exhale. Although outdone by freshwater turtles, these are amongst the longest recorded dives for whatsoever air-breathing marine vertebrate.^[63] During their seasonal migration, juvenile loggerheads accept the ability to apply both magnetic and visual cues.^[64] When both aids are bachelor, they are used in conjunction; if 1 help is not available, the other suffices.^[64] The turtles swim at about i.6 km/h (0.9 kn; 0.four g/southward) during migration.^[65]

Like all marine turtles, the loggerhead prepares for reproduction in its foraging area. This takes place several years before the loggerhead migrates to a mating area.^[66] Female person loggerheads starting time reproduce at ages 28–33 in Southeastern United states of america and Australia, and at ages 17–xxx in South Africa. Age at first reproduction in the Mediterranean, Oman, Japan, and Brazil are unknown.^[67] Nesting loggerheads have a directly carapace length of 70–109 cm (28–43 in). Considering of the large range, carapace length is not a reliable indicator of sexual maturity.^[68] Their estimated maximum lifespan is 47–67 years in the wild.^[45]

Reproduction [edit]

Loggerhead turtle rails on a beach

A loggerhead body of water turtle laying eggs

Female loggerheads first reproduce betwixt the ages of 17 and 33,^[67] and their mating period may concluding more than 6 weeks.^[66] They courtroom their mates, but these behaviors have non been thoroughly examined.^[69] Male forms of courtship beliefs include nuzzling, biting, and head and flipper movements.^[69] Studies suggest females produce cloacal pheromones to indicate reproductive ability.^[69] Before mating, the male person approaches a female person and attempts to mount her, while she resists. Next, the male and female begin to circumvolve each other. If the male person has competitors, the female may let the males struggle with each other. The winner then mounts the female; the male person's curved claws usually harm the shoulders of the female'south shell during this process. Other courting males bite the male while he is attempting to copulate, damaging his flippers and tail, possibly exposing bones. Such impairment can cause the male person to dismount and may crave weeks to heal.^[69] While nesting, females produce an boilerplate of 3.ix egg clutches, and then become quiescent, producing no eggs for ii to three years.^[66] ^[70] Dissimilar other sea turtles, courtship and mating normally do not take place near the nesting beach, but rather along migration routes between feeding and breeding grounds.^[69] Contempo evidence indicates ovulation in loggerheads is mating-induced.^[71] Through the act of mating, the female person ovulates eggs which are fertilized by the male person. This is unique, equally mating-induced ovulation is rare outside of mammals.^[71] In the Northern Hemisphere, loggerheads mate from late March to early June. The nesting flavor is short, betwixt May and August in the Northern Hemisphere and between October and March in the Southern Hemisphere.^[68]

Loggerheads may brandish multiple paternity.^[72] Multiple paternity is possible due to sperm storage. The female person can store sperm from multiple males in her oviducts until ovulation.^[73] A single clutch may take as many as vii fathers, each contributing sperm to a portion of the clutch.^[74] Multiple paternity and female size are positively correlated.^[72] ^[74] 2 hypotheses explicate this correlation. One posits that males favor large females because of their perceived college fecundity (ability to reproduce).^[72] The other states, because larger females are able to swim more chop-chop to mating grounds, they have longer mating periods.^[72]

All sea turtles have similar bones nesting behaviors. Females render to lay eggs at intervals of 12–17 days during the nesting season, on or near the beach where they hatched.^[69] ^[70] They exit the water, climb the beach, and scrape away the surface sand to grade a body pit. With their hind limbs, they excavate an egg chamber in which the eggs are deposited. The females and so embrace the egg bedchamber and trunk pit with sand, and finally return to the ocean.^[75] This process takes one to two hours, and occurs in open up sand areas or on top of sand dunes, preferably near dune grasses that the females tin can use to camouflage the nest.^[70] The nesting area must exist selected carefully considering information technology affects characteristics such every bit fitness, emergence ratio, and vulnerability to nest predators.^[58] Loggerheads have an average clutch size of 112.4 eggs.^[76]

Taxonomy [edit]

Carl Linnaeus gave the loggerhead its kickoff binomial name, Testudo caretta, in 1758.^[4] ^[13] Thirty-five other names emerged over the following two centuries, with the combination Caretta caretta first introduced in 1873 by Leonhard Stejneger.^[5] The English mutual name "loggerhead" refers to the animal's large head.^[12] ^[77] The loggerhead sea turtle belongs to the family Cheloniidae, which includes all extant sea turtles except the leatherback sea turtle.^[78] The subspecific classification of the loggerhead sea turtle is debated, but most authors consider it a single polymorphic species.^[79] Molecular genetics has confirmed hybridization of the loggerhead sea turtle with the Kemp's ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, and green sea turtles. The extent of natural hybridization is not all the same adamant; nevertheless, second-generation hybrids take been reported, suggesting some hybrids are fertile.^[80]

Evolutionary history [edit]

Although bear witness is defective,^[81] modern body of water turtles probably descended from a single common ancestor during the Cretaceous period. Similar all other sea turtles except the leatherback, loggerheads are members of the aboriginal family unit Cheloniidae, and appeared nearly 40 1000000 years ago.^[one] Of the six species of living Cheloniidae, loggerheads are more closely related to the Kemp's ridley sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, and the hawksbill turtle than they are to the flatback turtle and the green turtle.

Around three million years ago, during the Pliocene epoch, Central America emerged from the sea, effectively cutting off currents between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. The rerouting of sea currents led to climatic changes as the Earth entered a glacial wheel. Cold water upwelling around the Cape of Good Promise and reduction in h2o temperature at Cape Horn formed coldwater barriers to migrating turtles. The result was a complete isolation of the Atlantic and Pacific populations of loggerheads.^[82] During the most recent water ice historic period, the beaches of southeastern Due north America were too common cold for ocean turtle eggs. As the Earth began to warm, loggerheads moved further north, colonizing the northern beaches. Because of this, turtles nesting between Due north Carolina and northern Florida represent a different genetic population from those in southern Florida.^[82]

The distinct populations of loggerheads have unique characteristics and genetic differences. For example, Mediterranean loggerheads are smaller, on boilerplate, than Atlantic Ocean loggerheads.^[23] Due north Atlantic and Mediterranean loggerhead ocean turtles are descendants of colonizing loggerheads from Tongaland, South Africa. South African loggerhead genes are still present in these populations today.^[82]

Conservation [edit]

Many human activities have negative furnishings on loggerhead sea turtle populations. The prolonged fourth dimension required for loggerheads to reach sexual maturity and the high mortality rates of eggs and immature turtles from natural phenomena compound the problems of population reduction as a event of human activities.^[83]

Threats [edit]

Loggerhead sea turtle nest roped off equally part of the Sea Turtle Protection Project on Hilton Head Island

Loggerhead sea turtles were one time intensively hunted for their meat and eggs; consumption has decreased, however, due to worldwide legislation. Despite this, turtle meat and eggs are still consumed in countries where regulations are not strictly enforced.^[84] In United mexican states, turtle eggs are a common meal; locals claim the egg is an aphrodisiac.^[85] Eating turtle eggs or meat can cause serious illness due to harmful bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens, and high levels of toxic metals that build upwards through bioaccumulation.^[84] ^[86]

The US West Coast is a critical migratory corridor for the Pacific loggerheads, in which these turtles swim across the Pacific to California'due south declension from breeding grounds in Japan. Important foraging habitats for juveniles in the central Northward Pacific have been revealed through telemetry studies.^[87] Forth with these foraging habitats, high levels of bycatch from industrial-scale fisheries have been constitute to overlap; with drift gillnets in the past and longline fisheries presently.^[87] Many juvenile loggerheads aggregate off the declension of Baja California Sur, Mexico, where small littoral fisheries increase these turtles' mortality take a chance; fishers take reported catching dozens of loggerheads with bottom-set gear per twenty-four hour period per boat.^[87] The most common commercial fishery that accidentally takes loggerheads are lesser trawls used for shrimp vessels in the Gulf of California.^[88] In 2000, betwixt 2,600 and vi,000 loggerheads were estimated to take been killed by pelagic longlining in the Pacific.^[87]

Fishing gear is the biggest threat to loggerheads in the open up ocean. They often become entangled in longlines or gillnets. According to the 2009 condition review of loggerheads by the Fisheries Service, drowning from entanglement in longline and gillnet fishing gear is the turtles' primary threat in the Northward Pacific.^[88] They besides become stuck in traps, pots, trawls, and dredges.^[12] Caught in this unattended equipment, loggerheads risk serious injury or drowning. Turtle excluder devices for nets and other traps reduce the number beingness accidentally caught.

Nearly xi million metric tons of plastic are released into the ocean annually. A number that is projected to increase to 29 million metric tons by 2040.^[89] Turtles ingest a wide array of this floating debris, including numberless, sheets, pellets, balloons and abandoned fishing line.^[90] Loggerheads may fault the floating plastic for jellyfish, a common food item. The ingested plastic causes numerous health concerns, including intestinal blockage, reduced nutrient assimilation and malnutrition, suffocation, ulcerations, or starvation. Ingested plastics release toxic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls, which may accumulate in internal tissues. Such toxins may atomic number 82 to a thinning of eggshells, tissue impairment, or deviation from natural behaviors.^[91]

Artificial lighting discourages nesting and interferes with the hatchlings' ability to navigate to the water's border. Females prefer nesting on beaches free of artificial lighting. On adult beaches, nests are often clustered around tall buildings, possibly because they cake out the man-made calorie-free sources.^[58] Loggerhead hatchlings are fatigued toward the brighter expanse over the water which is the consequence of the reflection of moon and star light. Confused by the brighter bogus light, they navigate inland, away from the protective waters, which exposes them to aridity and predation as the sun rises.^[60] Artificial lighting causes tens of thousands of hatchling deaths per yr.^[92]

Destruction and encroachment of habitat by humans is another threat to loggerhead ocean turtles. Optimum nesting beaches are open up-sand beaches above the high-tide line. However, embankment evolution deprives them of suitable nesting areas, forcing them to nest closer to the surf.^[lxx] Urbanization oftentimes leads to the siltation of sandy beaches, decreasing their viability.^[70] Structure of docks and marinas can destroy virtually-shore habitats. Gunkhole traffic and dredging degrades habitat and can too injure or kill turtles when boats collide with turtles at or well-nigh the surface.^[53]

Annual variations in climatic temperatures can affect sex ratios, since loggerheads have temperature-dependent sex determination. Loftier sand temperatures may skew gender ratios in favor of females. Nesting sites exposed to unseasonably warm temperatures over a three-year menstruum produced 87–99% females.^[93] This raises concern over the connection betwixt rapid global temperature changes and the possibility of population extinction.^[94] A more localized effect on gender skewing comes from the construction of tall buildings, which reduce sun exposure, lowering the average sand temperature, which results in a shift in gender ratios to favor the emergence of male turtles.^[70] Construction of new thermal power stations can raise local h2o temperature, which is also said to exist a threat.^[95]

The increase of temperature and food availability will increase reproduction output of loggerhead turtles. Many researchers agree that temperature increases due to climate modify has a complicated impact on turtles. At convenance sites when a loggerhead turtle lays multiple clutches in a season, a college temperature will cause the duration of time between laying ii different nests to become shorter. The amount of food availability makes a deviation in reproductive output because when there is a greater amount of nutrient available, the turtles will abound to a larger size. The larger a turtle is, the more likely they will take a greater reproductive output. The amount of nutrient also has a relationship to temperature. Researchers accept found that an increase of temperature causes feeding grounds to produce more nutrient (Marn et al., 2017).

Tropical Cyclones have a meaning bear upon on hatchling loss. The associated tempest surges button water college up the beach, flooding nest and drowning the embryos. Strong wave action may eroded away sand, exposing the eggs to drying and predation. The current trend of ascension bounding main surface temperatures and the increment in both numbers and intensities of tropical cyclones as a result of climatic change pose a growing threat to turtle populations.^[96]

Conservation efforts [edit]

Since the loggerhead occupies such a wide range, successful conservation requires efforts from multiple countries.^[12]

Loggerhead sea turtles are classified as vulnerable past the International Union for Conservation of Nature and are listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, making commercial international trade prohibited.^[12] In the United States, the Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service classify them as a threatened species nether the Endangered Species Act.^[12] Loggerheads are listed as endangered under both Commonwealth of australia's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Human action 1999 and Queensland's Nature Conservation Human activity 1992. The Convention on Migratory Species works for the conservation of loggerhead ocean turtles on the Atlantic declension of Africa, as well as in the Indian Ocean and southeast Asia.^[97] ^[98] Throughout Nippon, the Sea Turtle Association of Japan aids in the conservation of loggerhead sea turtles.^[99] Greece'due south ARCHELON works for their conservation.^[100] The Marine Research Foundation works for loggerhead conservation in Sultanate of oman.^[101] Annex two of the Peculiarly Protected Areas and Wildlife Protocol of the Cartagena Convention, which deals with pollution that could impairment marine ecosystems, as well protects them.^[12] ^[102] Conservation organizations worldwide accept worked with the shrimp trawling industry to develop turtle exclusion devices (TEDs) to exclude even the largest turtles. TEDs are mandatory for all shrimp trawlers.^[12]

In many places during the nesting flavour, workers and volunteers search the coastline for nests,^[103] and researchers may as well become out during the evening to wait for nesting females for tagging studies and gather barnacles and tissues samples. Volunteers may, if necessary, relocate the nests for protection from threats, such every bit high spring tides and predators, and monitor the nests daily for disturbances. After the eggs hatch, volunteers uncover and tally hatched eggs, undeveloped eggs, and dead hatchlings. Whatever remaining live hatchlings are released or taken to research facilities. Typically, those that lack the vitality to hatch and climb to the surface die.^[104]

Symbols [edit]

The loggerhead body of water turtle appears on the $1000 Colombian peso coin. In the United states of america, the loggerhead body of water turtle is the official state reptile of South Carolina and besides the land saltwater reptile of Florida.^[105] ^[106]

References [edit]

Footnotes [edit]

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^ Casale, P.; Tucker, A.D. (2017). "Caretta caretta". IUCN Reddish List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T3897A119333622. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T3897A119333622.en . Retrieved xix November 2021.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org . Retrieved 2022-01-14 .
^ ^a ^b Dodd 1988, p. 1
^ ^a ^b Dodd 1988, p. 2
^ "Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta)". NOAA Fisheries. NOAA. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 20 Apr 2018.
^ "Data Near Bounding main Turtles: Loggerhead Sea Turtle – Ocean Turtle Salvation". Retrieved 2019-05-29 .
^ ^a ^b ^c Ernst & Lovich 2009, p. 37
^ Dodd 1988.
^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animate being Facts and Feats. Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives. ISBN978-0-85112-235-nine.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Wynne & Schwartz 1999, p. 104
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^{due east} ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ¹⁰⁰⁰ Bolten, A.B. (2003). "Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta)". NOAA Fisheries. NOAA Fisheries. Archived from the original on May xiv, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c Conant et al. 2009, p. vii
^ ^a ^b ^c Wynne & Schwartz 1999, p. 110
^ SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment (2010). "Sea Turtles: Concrete Characteristics". SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Animals. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-26 . A sea turtle cannot retract its limbs under its shell as a land turtle tin.
^ ^a ^b Valente 2007, p. 22
^ Peaker & Linzell 1975, p. 231
^ Oriá, Arianne P.; Lacerda, Ariane de J.; Raposo, Ana Cláudia S.; Araújo, Nayone 50. Fifty. C.; Portela, Ricardo; Mendonça, Marcos A.; Masmali, Ali One thousand. (2020). "Comparison of Electrolyte Composition and Crystallization Patterns in Bird and Reptile Tears". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 7: 574. doi:ten.3389/fvets.2020.00574. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC7438592. PMID 32903625. S2CID 221104904.
^ Frazier, J (1985). "Misidentifications of Sea Turtles in the East Pacific: Caretta caretta and Lepidochelys olivacea". Periodical of Herpetology. 19 (1): one–xi. doi:ten.2307/1564414. JSTOR 1564414.
^ ^a ^b Jones, MEH; Werneburg, I; Curtis, N; Penrose, RN; O'Higgins, P; Fagan, M; Evans, SE (2012). "The caput and neck anatomy of sea turtles (Cryptodira: Chelonioidea) and skull shape in Testudines". PLOS Ane. seven (11): e47852. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747852J. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0047852. PMC3492385. PMID 23144831.
^ ^a ^b Spotila 2004, p. 164
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Spotila 2004, p. 165
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^east ^f Spotila 2004, p. 166
^ ^a ^b ^c Conant et al. 2009, p. 8
^ C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Coral Bounding main. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Scientific discipline and the Environment. Washington DC
^ ^a ^b Bowen et al. 1995, p. 3731
^ Bowen et al. 1995, p. 3733
^ Wallace J., Nichols (2008). "Voyage of the Lonely Turtle – Interview: Wallace J. Nichols". PBS. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2010-04-26. Retrieved 2010-05-thirty .
^ Conant et al. 2009, p. 20
^ Vecchio, Due south. (2014). "Tartarughe dell'Adriatico" (PDF). Storie Naturali. Vol. eight. Regione Emilia Romagna. pp. 45–51.
^ Spotila 2004, pp. 165–66; Dimopoulos, D. "Caretta caretta/Kiparissia – Application of Direction Plan for Caretta caretta in southern Kyparissia Bay". ec.europa.eu. European Commission. p. 1. Archived from the original on Baronial 25, 2017. Retrieved 2017-11-xviii .
^ "Zakynthos Aerodrome". Zakynthos Internet Services. 2010. Archived from the original on July half dozen, 2010. Retrieved April 12, 2010. Night flights are banned on Zakynthos, so as not to disturb the endangered Caretta Caretta turtles which nest their eggs on the beaches of Zante.
^ Murray, T.; Doyle, T. (2013). "Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta (50.)) in Co. Wexford". Irish gaelic Naturalists' Journal. 32: 153–154. JSTOR i24392898.
^ Maguire, Stephen. "Rare turtle constitute in Donegal doing swimmingly in new aquarium dwelling house – Donegal Daily". www.donegaldaily.com.
^ ^a ^b Spotila 2004, p. 172
^ Spotila 2004, p. 174
^ Conant et al. 2009, p. 11
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ernst & Lovich 2009, p. 39
^ Ross, Steve (2009). "Sargassum: A Complex 'Island' Community at Ocean". NOAA. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Ernst & Lovich 2009, p. 44
^ Ernst & Lovich 2009, p. 43
^ ^a ^b Ernst & Lovich 2009, p. 40
^ Halpin, Luke R; Seminoff, Jeffrey A; Hanke, Gavin F (2018-03-01). "Showtime Photographic Evidence of a Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta) in British Columbia". Northwestern Naturalist. 99 (i): 73–75. doi:10.1898/NWN17-26.1. ISSN 1051-1733. S2CID 90237643.
^ ^a ^b ^c Schofield, Gail; Katselidis, KA; Pantis, JD; Dimopoulos, P; Hays, GC (2007). "Female-female aggressions: construction of interaction and outcome in loggerhead sea turtles". Marine Environmental Progress Series. Inter-Inquiry. 336 (1): 267. Bibcode:2007MEPS..336..267S. doi:10.3354/meps336267. ISSN 1616-1599.
^ ^a ^b Ernst & Lovich 2009, p. 50
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ernst & Lovich 2009, p. 52
^ Sabrina Trocini (2013). Health cess and hatching success of ii Western Australian loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) populations (PDF) (Ph.D.). Murdoch University.
^ Brandon T. Barton (2009). Cascading furnishings of predator removal on the ecology of sea turtle nesting beaches (PDF) (Thesis). University of Idaho.
^ Nick Atkinson (September 27, 2008). "Don't Tread On Me". Conservation, University of Washington. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ernst & Lovich 2009, p. 53
^ ^a ^b ^c Spotila 2004, p. 171
^ ^a ^b Commission on Sea Turtle Conservation, National Enquiry Council 1990, p. 62
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^ ^a ^b Manire, Charles (March 2008). "Lungworm infection in three loggerhead bounding main turtles, Caretta caretta". Periodical of Zoo and Wild fauna Medicine. 39 (one): 92–8. doi:ten.1638/2007-0092.1. PMID 18432101. S2CID 2599545. (subscription required)
^ ^a ^b Spotila 2004, p. 177
^ Keartes, Sarah (2020-07-fifteen). "The Minute Life Aboard Sea Turtles". Hakai magazine . Retrieved 2020-07-sixteen .
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Miller, Limpus & Godfrey 2003, p. 128
^ Yntema & Mrosovsky 1982, p. 1013
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^ ^a ^b Spotila 2004, p. 21
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^ Hochscheid, South.; Bentivegna, F.; Hays, Thou.C. (2005). "First records of swoop durations for a hibernating ocean turtle". Biology Messages. 1 (ane): 82–half dozen. doi:x.1098/rsbl.2004.0250. PMC1629053. PMID 17148134.
^ ^a ^b Avens, Larisa (2003). "Utilise of multiple orientation cues by juvenile loggerhead ocean turtles Caretta caretta". The Journal of Experimental Biology. The Company of Biologists. 206 (one): 4317–4325. doi:10.1242/jeb.00657. PMID 14581601.
^ Bentivegna F, Valentino F, Falco P, Zambianchi East, Hochscheid Southward (2007). "The human relationship betwixt loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) motion patterns and Mediterranean currents". Marine Biology. 151 (5): 1605–1614. doi:x.1007/s00227-006-0600-1. S2CID 85864707.
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^ ^a ^b Spotila 2004, p. 16
^ ^a ^b Miller, Limpus & Godfrey 2003, p. 126
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^eastward ^f Spotila 2004, p. 170
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^ Witherington 2006, p. 12
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^ ^a ^b Aguirre, A.; Susan C. Gardner; Jesse C. Marsh; Stephen Grand. Delgado; Colin J. Limpus; Wallace J. Nichols (September 2006). "Hazards Associated with the Consumption of Sea Turtle Meat and Eggs: A Review for Wellness Intendance Workers and the Full general Public". EcoHealth. three (3): 141–53. doi:10.1007/s10393-006-0032-10. S2CID 26439580.
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^ Craven, Kathryn; Taylor, Judy (September xi, 2007). "Marine Turtle Newsletter: Identification of Bacterial Isolates from Unhatched Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) Sea Turtle Eggs in Georgia, U.s.a.". Armstrong Atlantic Country Academy, Dept. Biology. Archived from the original on January xvi, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
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^ John Briley (2020). "Confronting Sea Plastic Pollution". Trust Mag. The PEW Charitable Trust.
^ Commission on Sea Turtle Conservation, National Enquiry Council 1990, p. 114
^ Committee on Sea Turtle Conservation, National Research Council 1990, p. 115
^ Lorne & Salmon 2007, p. 23
^ N. Mrosovsky & Jane Provancha (1992). "Sexual practice ratio of hatchling loggerhead body of water turtles: data and estimates from a v-twelvemonth study". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 70 (iii): 530–538. doi:x.1139/z92-080.
^ Janzen 1994, p. 7489
^ "Coal-fired found project threatens endangered sea turtles on Turkey's Mediterranean shores". bianet. fifteen June 2020.
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^ Convention on Migratory Species (2004). "Memorandum of Understanding apropos Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa". Convention on Migratory Species. UNEP / CMS Secretariat. Archived from the original on August eighteen, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-26 . The projection aims to create a monitoring and protection network for nesting and feeding sites in close collaboration with local communities, fishermen, travel operators and coastal developers.
^ Convention on Migratory Species (2004). "Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Indian Sea and South-East asia". Convention on Migratory Species. UNEP / CMS Secretariat. Archived from the original on December 9, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-26 . In the context of sustainable development, the conservation and direction of marine turtles globally and inside the Indian Sea – Due south-East Asian region presents a formidable claiming.
^ Bullock, Dusty (2008). "What is the Sea Turtle Association of Japan?". Bounding main Turtle Association of Nippon. Sea Turtle Association of Nippon. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-26 . Our nigh important activities are counting nesting turtles, and marking them to enable discrimination, using consistent methods throughout Nippon.
^ Rees, Alan (2005). "Archelon, the Bounding main Turtle Protection Society of Hellenic republic: 21 Years Studying and Protecting Sea Turtles". Archelon. British Chelonia Grouping. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved 2010-05-27 . Archelon is involved with the turtles, not only through nest management and turtle rehabilitation, merely also with stakeholders
^ Marine Research Foundation (2004). "Ongoing Conservation Initiatives". Marine Research Foundation. Marine Research Foundation. Archived from the original on May xxx, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-29 . This project aimed to continue to build on Oman's programme to acquit surveys, develop survey protocols and provide equipment and textile and personnel support for Government rangers
^ European Environment Bureau (2010). "Legislative musical instrument details: Cartagena Convention". European Environment Agency. European Environment Agency. Archived from the original on Oct 16, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-31 . The Cartagena Convention requires Parties to prefer measures aimed at preventing, reducing and controlling pollution of the post-obit areas: pollution from ships; pollution caused by dumping; pollution from ocean-bed activities; airborne pollution; and pollution from land-based sources and activities.
^ seaturtle.org (2009-12-xi). "Task Board". seaturtle.org. seaturtle.org. Archived from the original on January sixteen, 2016. Retrieved 2010-05-27 . collect biopsy samples for DNA studies, cage nests to foreclose egg depredation, tape location of nests and non-nesting emergences.
^ Conant et al. 2009, p. 13
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External links [edit]

A 3D blitheness of a sea turtle.
Loggerhead sea turtle media from ARKive
Photos of Loggerhead sea turtle on Sealife Collection

albersdittleatized.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle